What is Communication? Discuss the Difference Between Written and Oral Communication
What is Communication?
Communication is the process of exchanging information, ideas, thoughts, feelings, and messages between individuals or groups through spoken, written, visual, or non-verbal means. It plays a vital role in every aspect of human interaction—whether in education, workplace, personal relationships, or social development.
In simple terms, communication involves:
- Sender: The person who initiates the message
- Message: The content being conveyed
- Medium/Channel: The way the message is sent (spoken, written, etc.)
- Receiver: The person who receives and interprets the message
- Feedback: The receiver’s response that completes the communication loop
Effective communication ensures clarity, understanding, and shared meaning.
Types of Communication
Communication can be broadly classified into:
- Verbal communication: Spoken or written words
- Non-verbal communication: Gestures, facial expressions, body language
- Visual communication: Use of images, charts, signs
- Digital communication: Emails, social media, SMS, etc.
Among these, written and oral communication are the most commonly used forms in both academic and professional settings.
Difference Between Written and Oral Communication
Here is a detailed comparison between written and oral communication:
| Aspect | Written Communication | Oral Communication |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Involves expressing ideas through written symbols like letters, emails, reports, etc. | Involves expressing ideas using spoken words or speech. |
| Medium | Written documents (paper or digital) | Face-to-face, phone, video calls, meetings, etc. |
| Permanence | Permanent and can be referred to later | Temporary; usually not recorded unless noted or recorded |
| Time for Response | Feedback is usually delayed | Instant feedback possible |
| Speed of Communication | Slower due to drafting, editing, and delivery | Faster and spontaneous |
| Clarity of Message | High if well-written; avoids ambiguity | May lack clarity due to tone, accent, or background noise |
| Formality | Generally more formal and structured | Can be formal or informal based on context |
| Proof/Record | Serves as legal or official record | No automatic record unless documented |
| Language and Grammar | Requires proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation | Relies on tone, pauses, pronunciation |
| Best Used When | Documenting official decisions, legal communication, instructions | Giving presentations, interviews, brainstorming, teaching |
Examples
Written Communication
- Textbooks
- Office memos
- Legal documents
- Assignment submissions
- Emails
- Newspapers
Oral Communication
- Lectures and speeches
- Classroom discussions
- Phone calls
- Group discussions
- TV interviews
Advantages and Disadvantages
Written Communication
Advantages:
- Permanent record
- Precise and well-organised
- Useful for complex and lengthy information
Disadvantages:
- Time-consuming
- No immediate feedback
- Requires writing skills and literacy
Oral Communication
Advantages:
- Quick and effective
- Interactive and personal
- Easier for illiterate people
Disadvantages:
- No permanent record
- Can be misunderstood if tone or clarity is poor
- Affected by language barriers or poor listening
Indian Context Example
In Indian classrooms:
- Oral communication is used by teachers to explain lessons and conduct discussions.
- Written communication is used for homework, assignments, exam papers, and school notices.
In government settings:
- Written communication is essential for official correspondence, policy documents, and RTI responses.
- Oral communication is used in meetings, public speeches, or awareness campaigns.
Conclusion
Both written and oral communication are essential forms of expressing and sharing information. Each has its strengths and limitations. The choice between them depends on the purpose, urgency, audience, and need for recordkeeping. In an inclusive and literate society like India, promoting clarity and correctness in both forms is crucial for education, governance, and social development.